Foreword

Since the outbreak of pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus, General Secretary Xi Jinping has been very concerned about the epidemic progress, prevention and control, and patient treatment, and he has made important instructions for many times. Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, the member units of the National Health and Health Committee and the joint prevention and control working mechanism carefully implemented the important instructions of General Secretary Xi Jinping and the decision-making deployment of the Party Central Committee and the State Council. Prevention and control measures. 

 

Pneumonia infected by the novel coronavirus has been included in the Class B infectious diseases stipulated in the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases", and measures for the prevention and control of Class A infectious diseases have been adopted. Quarantine and Infectious Disease Management. In order to prevent the continued spread and spread of the pneumonia epidemic of novel coronavirus infection, to protect the health of the people, and to maintain normal production, living, and transportation order, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has invested in the front line of the epidemic prevention for technical guidance and scientific research. Under the guidance of the National Health and Health Commission's Disease Prevention and Control Bureau, the book was jointly launched with the People's Health Publishing House to promote the public's correct, authoritative, and professional public protection knowledge about pneumonitis associated with novel coronavirus infections to avoid public Panic psychology, to correctly understand, protect, and maintain health. 

 

The book focuses on effectively preventing the spread of the epidemic, and in the form of questions and answers, guides the public to understand novel coronaviruses, pneumonitis infected by novel coronaviruses, and how to achieve scientific protection and rational response. As the understanding of the novel coronavirus and the diseases caused by it is still under continuous research, the specific standards and contents in this book are jointly organized by the General Office of the National Health Council and the Office of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine on January 27, 2020. The "Pneumonitis Diagnosis and Treatment Plan for Novel coronavirus Infection (Trial Version 4)" was issued as a basis, and due to the rush of writing time, please correct me if there is any impropriety. 

 

Comprehensive mobilization, comprehensive deployment, comprehensive strengthening of work, putting people's lives and health in the first place, and taking epidemic prevention and control as the most important task at present, the Party Central Committee has issued a general mobilization order to combat the epidemic. Life is more important than Mount Tai, the epidemic is an order, prevention and control is a responsibility! We believe that under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, as long as we strengthen our confidence, help each other, scientific prevention and control, and precise policy implementation, everyone will fully play his role as a responsible health person, and prevent and cure collectively will surely win. This is a people's war against epidemic prevention and control! 

Writing committee 

 

January 28, 2020 

 

I. Coronaviruses and novel coronaviruses 

  

1. What is coronavirus 

Coronavirus belongs to the genus Trotavirus, Coronaviridae, and Coronavirus. It is a class of RNA viruses with a linear single-stranded positive strand of the cystic maggot genome, and is a large class of viruses widely existing in nature. The viral genome has a methylated cap structure at the 5 ′ end and a poly (A) tail at the 3 ′ end. The genome is 27-32 kb in length and is currently the largest virus in the genome of known RNA viruses. 

Coronavirus only infects vertebrates and is related to a variety of diseases in humans and animals, which can cause diseases in the respiratory, digestive and nervous systems of humans and animals. 

 

 2. What are animal coronaviruses 

Animal coronaviruses include mammalian coronavirus and avian coronavirus. 

Mammalian coronaviruses are mainly alpha and beta coronaviruses, which can infect a variety of animals such as bats, pigs, dogs, cats, mice, cattle, horses and the like. 

Avian coronavirus is mainly derived from γ and δ genus coronaviruses, which can infect a variety of birds such as chickens, sparrows, ducks, geese, pigeons and so on. 

 

 3. What are the physical and chemical properties of coronavirus 

Human coronavirus is more sensitive to heat. The virus is moderately stable in a suitable maintenance solution at 4 ° C, and can be stored for several years at -60 ° C. However, as the temperature increases, the resistance of the virus decreases. It can lose infectivity in minutes or several hours at 37 ° C. 

Human coronavirus is not resistant to acids and alkalis, and the optimal pH for virus replication is 7.2. 

Human coronavirus is sensitive to organic solvents and disinfectants. 75% ethanol, ether, chloroform, formaldehyde, chlorine-containing disinfectants, peracetic acid and ultraviolet rays can inactivate the virus. 

 

 4. Epidemiological study of coronavirus 

Globally, 10% to 30% of upper respiratory tract infections are caused by the four types of coronaviruses HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, accounting for the second most common cause of common colds, behind the nose virus. The infection is seasonal, with high incidence of the disease in spring and winter each year. The incubation period is 2 to 5 days, and the population is generally susceptible. Spread mainly through person-to-person contact. 

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by SARS-CoV infection in humans. The incubation period is usually limited to 2 weeks, usually about 2 to 10 days. The crowd is generally susceptible. Patients with SARS are the main source of infection. Patients with obvious symptoms are more infectious. Patients with incubation period or cured are not infectious. No human cases of SARS have been reported globally since 2004. 

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-CoV. The incubation period is 2 to 14 days, and the population is generally susceptible. The dromedary camel is the main storage host for MERS-CoV, and the main source of infection in human cases, with limited human-to-human transmission capacity. 

 

 5. What is a novel coronavirus 

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that are known to cause disease. Patients present with different clinical symptoms ranging from the common cold to severe lung infections, such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV discovered in Wuhan this time is a novel coronavirus that has not been found in humans before. 

 

6. What are the characteristics of the novel coronavirus? 

The novel coronavirus belongs to the novel coronavirus of the genus β, which has an envelope, and the particles are round or oval, often polymorphic, with a diameter of 60 to 140 nm. Its genetic characteristics are significantly different from SARSr-CoV and MERSr-CoV. Current research shows that it has more than 85% homology with bat SARS-like coronavirus (bat-SL-CoVZC45). When isolated and cultured in vitro, 2019-nCoV can be found in human respiratory epithelial cells in about 96 hours, while it takes about 6 days to isolate and culture in Vero E6 and Huh-7 cell lines. 

Most of the understanding of the physical and chemical properties of coronavirus comes from the research of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The virus is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat. Lipid solvents such as ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid, and chloroform can effectively inactivate the virus at 30 ° C for 30 minutes at 56 ° C. Chlorhexidine cannot effectively inactivate the virus. 

 

 7. What are the coronaviruses that can infect humans? 

So far, in addition to the novel coronavirus that caused an outbreak of viral pneumonia in Wuhan, a total of six human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1) have been found. And MERS-CoV). 

HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 belong to the alpha coronavirus, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-HKU1, and MERS-CoV are beta coronaviruses, of which HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 belong to the A subgroup and SARS -CoV belongs to the B subgroup, and MERS-CoV belongs to the C subgroup. 

 

 8. Can the novel coronavirus be passed from person to person? 

Based on current evidence, it can be determined that the novel coronavirus can be transmitted from person to person. The transmission routes that have been identified are mainly respiratory droplets (sneezing, coughing, etc.) and contact transmissions (digging nostrils with hands that have been exposed to the virus, rubbing eyes, etc.). 

 

II. Pneumonitis infected by a novel coronavirus 

 

 9. Transmission of pneumonitis caused by novel coronavirus 

Ways for spreading as the following. 

Direct transmission:  

Patients sneezing, coughing, talking droplets, exhaled gas in close contact with direct inhalation, can cause infections; 

Aerosol transmission:  

Droplets are mixed in the air to form aerosols, which cause infection after inhalation; 

Contact transmission:  

Droplets are deposited on the surface of the article, contact the contaminated hands, and then contact the oral cavity, nasal cavity, eyes and other mucous membranes, causing infection. 

 

 10. What are the symptoms of coronavirus infection? 

Common coronaviruses that can infect humans usually cause mild or moderate upper respiratory diseases such as a cold. Symptoms are mild, including runny nose, headache, cough, sore throat, and fever. It sometimes causes lower respiratory tract diseases, such as pneumonia or bronchitis, and is more common in patients with heart and lung disease, people with low immunity, infants, and the elderly. 

 

11. What are the symptoms of novel coronavirus infection? 

The general symptoms of novel coronavirus infection are: fever, fatigue, dry cough, and dyspnea gradually appear; some patients have mild onset symptoms, and may not even have obvious fever. Severe symptoms include: acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, difficult to correct metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy. Judging from the current cases, most patients have a good prognosis, and a few patients are critically ill and even die. 

In addition to the above symptoms, there may be "atypical" symptoms, such as: 

(1) Only the first manifestations of digestive symptoms: such as mild appetite, fatigue, poor mentality, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, etc. 

(2) First manifestation with neurological symptoms: such as headache. 

(3) The first manifestations of cardiovascular system symptoms: such as palpitation, chest tightness, etc. 

(4) First manifestation with ophthalmic symptoms: such as conjunctivitis. 

(5) Only mild sore limbs or lower back muscles. 

 

 12. What is the difference between pneumonia symptoms and influenza symptoms of novel coronavirus infection? 

Symptoms of influenza are mainly fever, headache, myalgia, and general discomfort. The body temperature can reach 39 to 40 ° C, and there may be chills and chills. Many are accompanied by systemic symptoms such as sore muscles and joints, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Often, sore throat, A dry cough may have stuffy nose, runny nose, and discomfort behind the sternum. Face flushed, conjunctiva congestion. Partially characterized by vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, it is common in children infected with influenza B. The course of the patients without complications was self-limiting, and the body temperature gradually subsided more than 3 to 4 days after onset, and the general symptoms improved, but it usually took 1 to 2 weeks for cough and physical recovery. Pneumonia is the most common complication of influenza. Other complications include nervous system damage, heart damage, myositis, rhabdomyolysis syndrome, and septic shock. 

There is currently insufficient clinical data on the symptoms of pneumonia associated with novel coronavirus infection. According to the existing case data, pneumonia of the novel coronavirus infection is mainly manifested by fever, fatigue, dry cough, etc. A few patients have upper respiratory and digestive symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, and diarrhea. Severe cases usually have dyspnea after 1 week. In severe cases, they progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, difficult to correct metabolic acidosis, and coagulation dysfunction. It is worth noting that in the course of severe and critically ill patients, there can be moderate to low fever, even without obvious fever. Some patients showed only low fever, mild fatigue, and no pneumonia. Most of them recovered after 1 week. A few infected people have no obvious clinical symptoms and only test positive. Judging from the current cases, most patients have a good prognosis, children with relatively mild symptoms, and a few patients are critically ill. Deaths are more common in the elderly and those with chronic underlying disease. 

Symptoms of infection 

Normal cold 

Breathing: No difficulty or shortness of breath 

Cough: appear later 

Fever: Normally after 48-72 hours, antipyretic drugs work well 

Whole body: little difference in spirit, appetite, sleep 

Viral pneumonia 

Breathing: Increased frequency, or even difficulty breathing 

Cough: severe symptoms, mainly dry cough, accompanied by sputum and wheezing, affecting sleep 

Fever: High fever lasts more than 72 hours 

Whole body: poor spirit, poor appetite 

Incubation period: 2-14 days, average 7 days 

 

 13. Who are suspiciously exposed 

Suspected exposure refers to persons who have been exposed to patients, wildlife, objects and the environment that are positive for the novel coronavirus test, and who have not been effectively protected during exposure, such as processing, sales, handling, distribution, or management. 

 

 14. Who are the suspected cases 

14 days before the onset of travel history or residence history in Wuhan or other areas with continuous local case transmission; 14 days before the onset of contact with fever or respiratory symptoms from Wuhan or other areas with local case continuous transmission; Yes Aggressive clustering may be epidemiologically associated with novel coronavirus infections. At the same time, the following clinical manifestations are met: 

(1) Fever. 

(2) It has the characteristics of imaging of pneumonia, that is, multiple small patchy shadows and interstitial changes appear in the early stage, which is obvious in the outer lung zone. Furthermore, it develops multiple ground glass infiltration and infiltrates in both lungs. In severe cases, pulmonary consolidation and pleural effusion are rare. 

(3) The total number of white blood cells is normal or decreased, or the lymphocyte count is decreased in the early stage of onset. 

 

 15. How to confirm the diagnosis of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia 

On the basis of meeting the criteria for suspected cases, real-time fluorescent RT-PCR of respiratory specimens or blood specimens for detection of novel coronavirus nucleic acid-positive or respiratory specimen or blood specimens for viral gene sequencing is highly homologous to known novel coronaviruses and can confirm the diagnosis. 

 

16. What are the criteria for determining close contacts? 

Close contacts refer to those who have one of the following contact situations with suspected cases, confirmed cases and positive testers, but have not taken effective protection: 

(1) People who live, study, work or have close contacts, such as working close to each other or sharing the same classroom or living in the same house. 

(2) Medical personnel, family members, or other people who have similar close contact for diagnosis, treatment, and visiting cases, such as visiting or staying in a confined environment with other patients and their accompanying staff in the ward 

(3) People who are in close contact with the same transportation, including caring for nursing staff on the transportation; colleagues (family, colleagues, friends, etc.); after investigation and evaluation, it is found that they may be in close contact with suspected cases, confirmed cases, and Other passengers and flight attendants who test positive. 

(4) On-site investigators evaluate that they are qualified to meet other contacts with close contacts. 

When judging close contacts, and analyzing the possibility of infection, we must comprehensively consider the clinical manifestations of the cases when they are in contact with the cases, the way they are in contact with the cases, the protective measures taken during the contacts, and the environment contaminated by the cases. And the degree of the object to make a comprehensive judgment. 

 

 17.Why Medical Observation for Close Contacts for 14 Days 

At present, it is necessary to take preventive public health measures such as stricter medical observations for close contacts. This is a responsible attitude towards public health and safety, and a common practice in the international community. With reference to the incubation period of diseases caused by other coronaviruses, combined with information about pneumonitis cases infected with the novel coronavirus, and the actual situation of current prevention and control, the medical observation period for close contacts was set to 14 days, and home medical observations were made for close contacts. 

 

 18. What symptoms need medical attention? 

Pneumonia infected by the novel coronavirus is mainly manifested by fever, fatigue, and dry cough. A few patients have symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, and diarrhea. Severe cases usually have dyspnea after 1 week. In severe cases, they progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, difficult to correct metabolic acidosis, and coagulation dysfunction. If there are symptoms of respiratory tract symptoms, fever, chills, fatigue, diarrhea, conjunctival congestion and other symptoms need to seek medical treatment in time. 

 

 19. What to do if you suspect you are infected with a novel coronavirus 

If you suspect you are infected with the novel coronavirus, do not go to a crowded place first, wear a mask, keep a good distance from your family, pay attention to ventilation, pay attention to personal hygiene, and go to the nearest designated treatment hospital for a hot clinic. Actively tell the doctor who has been contacted during the consultation and cooperate with the doctor to conduct an investigation. 

 

 20. What to do if you suspect someone is infected with a novel coronavirus 

If you suspect that someone around you is infected with the novel coronavirus, first wear a mask and keep a certain distance from it. At the same time, it is recommended that the other person wear a mask and go to the nearest fixed-point treatment hospital for a fever clinic for treatment. 

 

21. Can novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia be cured? 

Some patients have already defeated the novel coronavirus under the active treatment of doctors, and finally achieved the goal of cure. 

 

22. Are there any specific drugs and vaccines for pneumonia against novel coronavirus infection? 

There are currently no specific medicines, and only symptomatic supportive treatment is available. The research and development of drugs and vaccines against pneumonitis infected by a novel coronavirus are in progress, and the country is also conducting observational research on some traditional Chinese medicines. 

 

 23. What are the current isolation and discharge criteria for pneumonitis infected with a novel coronavirus? 

According to the current standards of the "Novel coronavirus Infected Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Trial Version 4)": the body temperature has returned to normal for more than 3 days, the respiratory symptoms have improved significantly, and the respiratory nucleic acid nucleic acid test has been negative for two consecutive times (sampling interval at least 1 day) Can be released from the hospital or transferred to the appropriate department for treatment of other diseases according to the condition. 

 

III. Combining prevention with scientific protection 

 

 24. How to choose a mask 

(1) The general population: It is recommended that ordinary people, passengers of the public transportation department, taxi drivers, sanitation workers, and service personnel in public places, etc. wear masks while they are on duty. Medical surgical masks are recommended. When conditions permit and physical conditions permit, Wear a medical protective mask. 

(2) Special people: High-risk people who may come into contact with suspected or confirmed cases. In principle, it is recommended to wear medical protective masks (N95 and above) and goggles. Some patients with cardiopulmonary diseases should consult a professional physician before wearing, and choose a suitable mask under the guidance of a professional physician. 

Masks that cannot be used for respiratory infections: 

Cotton masks: keep warm 

New material masks: dustproof 

Protective masks with exhalation valve: dust-proof (fine particles) 

Masks that can be used to prevent respiratory infections: 

Medical surgical masks, 

Medical protective masks 

 

 25. How to Wear Medical Surgical Masks Correctly 

(1) The side of the nose clip faces up, the dark side faces outward (or the folds face down). 

(2) Fold up and down to make the mask cover the mouth, nose, and jaw. 

(3) Press the tips of your two fingers along the metal strip of the bridge of the nose from the middle to the sides and slowly press inward until it is close to the bridge of the nose. 

(4) Adjust the mask appropriately so that the periphery of the mask fully fits the face. 

It is recommended to replace the mask every 2 to 4 hours. If the mask becomes wet or comes into contact with the secretion, it should be replaced in time. 

 

 26. How to Wear a Mask Correctly in Public 

Useless masks: 

Paper mask, cotton mask, sponge mask, activated carbon mask 

Mask to be used: 

Medical surgical masks 

To a certain extent prevent respiratory infections, the outer packaging clearly indicates medical surgical masks 

N95 masks 

Prevent droplet infection caused by patient's body fluids, filtering efficiency reaches 95%, try to choose without breathing valve; 

Precautions 

Replacement time: It is recommended to replace it every 2-4 hours, once it is contaminated, it should be replaced as soon as possible; 

Storage method: Fold the mask into a clean ziplock bag, and fold the side that touches the nose and mouth inward. 

 

 27. How to Wash Your Hands Correctly 

(1) Get your hands wet under running water. 

(2) Take an appropriate amount of hand sanitizer (soap) and apply it evenly to the entire palm, back of the hand, fingers and fingers. 

(3) Rub your hands carefully for at least 15 seconds, as follows: 

1) Palms facing each other, fingers close together, rubbing each other. 

2) Rub the palms of your hands along the back of your fingers and exchange them. 

3) With palms facing each other, rub your hands with your fingers crossed. 

4) Bend your fingers so that the knuckles rotate and rub on the palm of the other hand. 

5) Hold the thumb of the left hand in the right hand, rotate and rub, and exchange. 

6) Put the tips of five fingers together on the palm of the other hand to rotate and knead. 

(4) Rinse hands thoroughly under running water. 

(5) Dry your hands and take an appropriate amount of hand lotion for skin care. 

 

 28. How does the public do personal prevention 

(1) Minimize outing activities 

1) Avoid going to areas where the disease is endemic. 

2) It is recommended to reduce visits to relatives and friends and have dinner together during the epidemic, and try to rest at home as much as possible. 

3) Reduce to crowded public places, especially places with poor air mobility, such as: public baths, hot springs, cinemas, Internet cafes, KTVs, shopping malls, stations, airports, terminals, exhibition halls, etc. 

(2) Personal protection and hand hygiene 

1) It is recommended to wear a mask when going out. Wear medical surgical masks or N95 masks when going out to public places, for medical treatment, and on public transportation. 

2) Maintain hand hygiene. Reduce contact with public items and parts in public places; return from public places, cough your hands, cover your hands, before or after meals, wash your hands with hand sanitizer or soap, running water, or use alcohol-free hand sanitizer; not sure if your hands are clean Avoid touching your mouth, nose, and eyes with your hands; cover your mouth and nose with your elbow clothes when sneezing or coughing. 

(3) Health monitoring and medical treatment 

1) Take the initiative to do good health monitoring of individuals and family members, and actively measure body temperature when you feel fever. If there is a child in the family, touch the child's forehead sooner or later. If there is fever, take the temperature of the child. 

2) If suspicious symptoms appear, you should take the initiative to put on a mask and seek medical treatment in the nearest place. In case of suspicious symptoms of novel coronavirus infection (including fever, cough, sore throat, chest tightness, dyspnea, mild anorexia, fatigue, weak spirits, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, palpitation, conjunctivitis, mild limbs or waist Back muscle aches, etc.), should go to a medical institution in time according to the condition. Try to avoid taking subways, buses and other means of transportation, and avoid going to crowded places. During the consultation, the doctor should take the initiative to inform the doctor of the travel and residence history of the relevant disease endemic area, and who he has contacted since the onset of the disease, and cooperate with the doctor to carry out relevant investigations. 

(4) Maintain good hygiene and health habits 

1) Open windows frequently in the living room and ventilate frequently. 

2) Family members do not share towels, and keep home and tableware clean. 

3) Do not spit. Cover the mouth and nose with paper towels and discard in a covered trash bin. 

4) Pay attention to nutrition and exercise moderately. 

5) Do not contact, buy and eat wild animals (ie game); try to avoid going to markets that sell live animals (poultry, seafood, wild animals, etc.). 

6) Materials such as thermometers, medical surgical masks or N95 masks, household disinfection supplies, etc. 

 

 29. What should a person with a history of living and traveling in an endemic area do? 

(1) Register at the village branch or community as soon as possible to reduce outing activities, especially to avoid crowded public places. 

(2) From the time of leaving the endemic area, self-health monitoring is performed for 14 consecutive days, twice a day. When conditions permit, try to live alone or in a well-ventilated single room, and minimize close contact with family members. 

(3) If there are suspicious symptoms of novel coronavirus infection (including fever, cough, sore throat, chest tightness, dyspnea, mild appetite, fatigue, weak spirits, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, palpitation, conjunctivitis, mild Extremities or back muscle pain, etc.), should go to a medical institution in time according to the condition. 

The specific guidelines for medical treatment are as follows: 

1) On the way to the hospital, patients should wear medical surgical masks or N95 masks. 

2) If possible, avoid taking public transport to the hospital and open windows on the road. 

3) Wear a mask at all times and maintain hand hygiene at all times. Stay as far away as possible (at least 1 meter) while on the road and in the hospital. 

4) If the vehicle is polluted on the road, it is recommended to use chlorine disinfectant or peracetic acid disinfectant to disinfect all surfaces contaminated with respiratory secretions or body fluids. 

 

 30. How to prevent family everyday 

(1) Avoid going to areas where the disease is endemic. 

(2) Reduce to crowded public places, especially places with poor air mobility, such as public baths, hot springs, cinemas, Internet cafes, KTVs, shopping malls, stations, airports, terminals, exhibition halls, etc. 

(3) Do not contact, purchase and eat wild animals (ie game); try to avoid going to markets that sell live animals (poultry, seafood, wild animals, etc.). Poultry, meat, and eggs should be cooked thoroughly before consumption. 

(4) Keep the room clean, open windows frequently, and ventilate frequently. 

(5) Maintain hand hygiene at all times. Reduce contact with public items and parts in public places; return from public places, cough your hands, cover your hands, before or after meals, wash your hands with hand sanitizer or soap, running water, or use alcohol-free hand sanitizer; not sure if your hands are clean Avoid touching your mouth, nose, and eyes with your hands; cover your mouth and nose with your elbow clothes when sneezing or coughing. 

(6) Wear a mask when going out. Wear medical surgical masks or N95 masks when going out to public places, for medical treatment, and on public transportation. 

(7) Maintain good hygiene and health habits. Family members do not share towels, keep homes and tableware clean, and frequently wash clothes. Do not spit, wrap mouth and nose secretions in paper towels, and put them in a covered trash bin. Pay attention to nutrition and exercise moderately. 

(8) Actively do a good job of health monitoring of individuals and family members, and actively measure body temperature when consciously fever. If there is a child in the family, touch the child's forehead sooner or later. If there is fever, take the temperature of the child. 

(9) Prepare common materials. Household supplies thermometers, disposable masks, household disinfection supplies and other materials. 

 

31. What to do if family members have suspicious symptoms 

(1) If there are suspicious symptoms of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection (including fever, cough, sore throat, chest tightness, dyspnea, mild anorexia, fatigue, slightly worse spirits, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, palpitation, conjunctivitis, Mild soreness in the extremities or lower back muscles, etc.), should seek medical treatment in a timely manner according to the condition. 

(2) Avoid taking public transportation such as subways and buses, and avoid going to crowded places. 

(3) During the consultation, the doctor should take the initiative to inform the doctor of his travel and living history in the epidemic area of the relevant disease, and who he has contacted since the onset of the disease, and cooperate with the doctor to carry out relevant investigations. 

(4) Family members of patients should wear masks, keep a distance from other asymptomatic family members, and avoid close contact. 

(5) If someone in the family is diagnosed with novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia, other family members who are judged to be in close contact should receive medical observation for 14 days. 

(6) Disinfect the places and items that symptomatic family members often come into contact with. 

 

 32. How to Prevent in Public Places 

(1) Staff in public places should perform health monitoring on their own. If there are suspicious symptoms of novel coronavirus infection (including fever, cough, sore throat, chest tightness, dyspnea, mild appetite, fatigue, slightly poor spirit, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea , Headache, palpitation, conjunctivitis, mild sore limbs or lower back muscles, etc.), do not go to work with illness. 

(2) If suspicious symptoms of novel coronavirus infection are found, staff should ask them to leave. 

(3) Public items and public contact items or parts should be cleaned and disinfected regularly. 

(4) Maintain air circulation in public places. Ensure that the air-conditioning system or exhaust fan operates normally, clean the air-conditioning filter regularly, and strengthen window ventilation. 

(5) The toilet should be equipped with sufficient hand soap to ensure the normal operation of water supply facilities such as faucets. 

(6) Keep the environment sanitary and clean, and clean up the garbage in time. 

(7) In areas where the disease is endemic, the public should try their best to avoid going to public places, especially avoid places with dense crowds and poor air circulation. 

 

 33. How to Prevent Public Transport 

(1) On-the-job staff members of public transportation in the epidemic-affected areas should wear medical surgical masks or N95 masks, and do daily health monitoring. 

(2) It is recommended to provide thermometers, masks and other items for public transportation. 

(3) Increase the frequency of cleaning and disinfection of public transportation, and do a good job of cleaning and disinfection records and identification. 

(4) Maintain good ventilation of public transportation. 

(5) Maintain sanitation and cleanliness in the stations and carriages, and clean up the garbage in time. 

(6) Make arrangements for personnel work and shifts to ensure that the crew and passengers get adequate rest. 

 

 34. How to Protect When Seeking Medical Treatment for Other Diseases 

(1) In principle, go to the hospital as little as possible or not, unless you have an urgent or critically ill patient who must seek medical treatment immediately. If you must go to the doctor, you should choose the nearest medical institution that can meet the demand and have a small number of outpatients. If you must go to the hospital, the public will only do the necessary and urgently needed medical examinations and medical operations. If you can choose to go to the clinic, avoid developing hot clinics and emergency clinics as much as possible. 

(2) If you need to go to the hospital, try to know the medical institution to be consulted on the Internet or phone in advance, make appointments and preparations, familiarize with the layout of hospital departments and procedures, and minimize the time to visit. 

(3) On the way to the hospital and in the hospital, patients and accompanying family members should wear medical surgical masks or N95 masks throughout the process. 

(4) If possible, avoid taking public transportation to the hospital. 

(5) Maintain hand hygiene at all times, and prepare portable hand sanitizers containing alcohol. Keep as much distance as possible (at least 1 meter) between people on the road and in the hospital. 

(6) If the vehicle is polluted on the road, it is recommended to use chlorine disinfectant and peracetic acid disinfectant to disinfect all surfaces contaminated with respiratory secretions or body fluids. 

(7) Try to avoid touching your mouth, eyes, and nose with your hands, and cover your mouth and nose with tissues or elbows when sneezing or coughing. 

(8) After contacting hospital items such as hospital door handles, curtains, and doctor's white coats, try to use hand disinfectant as much as possible. If you cannot disinfect your hands in time, do not touch your mouth, eyes, or nose. Minimize hospital stay during hospital visits. 

(9) After the patient returns home, change his clothes immediately, wash his hands carefully under running water, and wash his clothes as soon as possible. 

(10) If there are suspicious symptoms (including fever, cough, sore throat, chest tightness, dyspnea, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, muscle soreness, etc.), consult the doctor in time according to the condition, and inform the attending physician of the past 2 weeks History of activities. 

 

 35. Under what circumstances can you observe at home 

Close contacts or suspicious exposures must be medically observed. Medical observation includes home isolation medical observation and centralized isolation medical observation. At present, the main place is to take home medical observation. The medical observation period is 14 days after the last time the subject has had no effective protection or suspicious exposure to the case. Those who have not developed disease after the expiry of the observation period can resume normal study, work and life. 

 

 36. How Close Contact Persons Do Home Medicine Observations 

Close contacts of confirmed cases of pneumonitis with novel coronavirus infection should take medical observation for 14 days from the last day of contact with the patient. It is necessary to keep in touch with medical observers during observation at home, and to understand the key points of observation and care of the disease, and to master the hand washing, ventilation, protection and disinfection measures at home. The specific suggestions are as follows: 

(1) Place close contacts in well-ventilated single rooms and refuse all visits. 

(2) Restrict the activities of close contacts and minimize the activities of public areas of close contacts and family members. Make sure public areas (kitchen, bathroom, etc.) are well ventilated (keep windows open). 

(3) Family members should live in different rooms. If conditions do not permit, keep a distance of at least 1 meter from close contacts. Breastfeeding mothers can continue breastfeeding their babies. 

(4) Other family members should wear masks when entering the living space of close contacts. The masks should be close to the face. Do not touch and adjust the masks in the living space. Masks must be replaced immediately due to wet and dirty secretions. After removing and discarding the mask, wash your hands. 

(5) If you have any direct contact with close contacts, or leave the living space of close contacts, clean your hands. Clean your hands before preparing food and before and after meals. If your hands are not very dirty, use alcohol-free lotion. If your hands are dirty, wash them with hand sanitizer and running water (pay attention to the safe use of alcohol to avoid accidental swallowing or fire). 

(6) When using hand soap and running water to wash your hands, it is best to use disposable paper towels. If not, wipe with a clean towel, which needs to be replaced when it gets wet. 

(7) The materials used to cover the nose and mouth when accidentally coughing or sneezing can be discarded directly, or washed properly after use (such as washing with ordinary soap / detergent and water). 

(8) Family members should minimize contact with close contacts and their supplies. For example, avoid sharing toothbrushes, cigarettes, cutlery, meals, drinks, towels, bath towels, sheets, etc. Dishware should be washed with detergent and water after use. 

(9) It is recommended to use chlorine disinfectant and peracetic acid disinfectant to clean and disinfect frequently touched items, such as bedside tables, bed frames and other bedroom furniture. Clean and disinfect bathroom and toilet surfaces at least once a day. 

(10) Use ordinary laundry soap and water to wash close-contact clothes, sheets, bath towels, towels, etc., or use a washing machine with 60-90 ° C water and ordinary household laundry detergent, and then completely dry the above items. Put the bedding used by close contacts in the laundry bag. Do not shake your clothing and avoid direct contact with your skin and your clothing. 

(11) Wear a mask, disposable gloves, and protective clothing (such as plastic apron) before cleaning and touching the surface, clothing, or bedding contaminated by human secretions from close contacts. Clean and disinfect hands before wearing gloves and after removing them. 

(12) If there are suspicious symptoms in close contacts of confirmed cases, including fever, cough, sore throat, chest tightness, dyspnea, mild anorexia, fatigue, slightly worse spirits, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, palpitation, conjunctivitis, Seek immediate medical attention for mild soreness in the extremities or lower back muscles. Specific guidance recommendations are as follows: 

1) On the way to the hospital, patients should wear medical surgical masks or N95 masks. 

2) If possible, avoid taking public transport to the hospital and open windows on the road. 

3) Wear a mask at all times and maintain hand hygiene at all times. Stay as far away as possible (at least 1 meter) while on the road and in the hospital. 

4) If the vehicle is polluted on the road, it is recommended to use chlorine disinfectant or peracetic acid disinfectant to disinfect all surfaces contaminated with respiratory secretions or body fluids. 

 

 37. How to protect the special groups such as the elderly and children 

The population generally lacks immunity to the novel coronavirus, and the elderly, young adults, and children are affected. The elderly and children should do daily protection, wash their hands frequently, wear face masks, pay attention to balanced diet, reasonable nutrition, moderate exercise, keep living environment clean, and maintain indoor air circulation. 

 

 38. How to do home disinfection 

During the epidemic, after going home, wash your hands with hand sanitizer and running water, or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer disinfectant for hand disinfection. The surfaces of tables and chairs are cleaned daily and disinfected regularly. After a visitor (unknown health condition) visits, the surfaces of related objects in the room are disinfected in time. You can choose a legal and effective disinfectant or disinfect wipes to wipe and disinfect. Ventilation and ventilation should be done indoors, natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation. When opening windows in winter, care should be taken to avoid a large temperature difference between indoor and outdoor, which may cause a cold. 

The surface of the object can be cleaned with chlorine-containing disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide or disinfected wipes. It is recommended to choose an effective disinfectant such as iodophor, chlorine disinfectant and hydrogen peroxide disinfectant for hand and skin disinfection or quick-drying hand disinfectant. 

 

 39. What disinfection measures should be taken when patients with novel coronavirus infection appear at home 

After the patient leaves (such as hospitalization, death, release from isolation, etc.), terminal disinfection should be performed. The final disinfection objects of the sick family include: living room floor, walls, tables and chairs and other furniture countertops, door handles, patient tableware, clothing and bedding and other daily necessities, toys, bathrooms, etc. Terminal disinfection is usually done by professionals, please contact your local CDC. Other family members are close contacts and should receive medical observation for 14 days. 

 

 40. How to enhance immunity and other protection 

(1) Whether it is cough, sneeze or runny nose, cover it with paper and handkerchief. 

(2) When contacting people, keep a distance of more than 1 meter. 

(3) Try to avoid crowded places and maintain indoor ventilation. 

(4) Do more physical exercise to enhance physical fitness and enhance immunity. 

(5) Avoid the decline of physical resistance, take a reasonable rest, stay up late, and not overwork. 

 

IV. Eliminate panic and rational response 

 

41. Can Isatidis and Smoked Vinegar Prevent Pneumonia Infected by a Novel coronavirus? 

Banlangen is suitable for the treatment of fever diseases such as wind-heat and cold, and has no effect on coronavirus. 

Smoked vinegar does not achieve disinfection. 

 

 42. Can Antibiotics Treat Novel coronavirus Infected Pneumonia 

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. Pneumonia pathogens infected by novel coronaviruses are viruses. Taking antibiotics not only has no preventive or therapeutic effect, but may cause adverse drug reactions and even destroy the normal intestinal flora. 

 

 43. Can wearing multilayer masks protect against viruses? 

As far as medical masks are concerned, as long as qualified products are properly worn, only one can achieve the desired protective effect. Multiple stacks cannot increase the protection effect. The key indicator of mask protection is airtightness, which is like: if the door is not tightly closed, a thick door is not anti-theft. 

 

 44. How to deal with masks after use 

The masks worn by the general population do not have the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus, and can be disposed of according to the requirements of domestic garbage classification after use. Suspected cases and the masks used by their caregivers should be collected and treated in accordance with medical waste. After handling the masks, wash your hands. 

 

 45. What to pay attention to in terms of diet 

Stop eating wildlife! In addition to avoiding eating wildlife, the knives and chopping boards used for cutting raw and cooked food should be fixed and used separately. Some meat and eggs should also be cooked at high temperature before eating. Drink plenty of water and eat fresh vegetables and fruits. 

 

 46. How to bear the cost of treatment 

The National Medical Security Bureau and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the "Notice on Doing a Good Job in Medical Insurance for Pneumonia of Novel coronavirus Infection", which clearly stipulates that comprehensive medical insurance should be implemented for pneumonia patients diagnosed with novel coronavirus infection. Financial subsidies. The Supplementary Notice on Doing a Good Job in Medical Protection for Pneumonia Epidemic of Novel coronavirus Infection requires that the medical expenses incurred by suspected patients (including patients who seek medical treatment in different places) should be partially financed by the medical institution and arrange funds for comprehensive protection. The central government will provide appropriate subsidies as appropriate. 

 

 47. How the public responds scientifically to the psychological panic caused by the epidemic 

(1) Pay attention to reliable information, learn scientific knowledge, and don't blindly fear. 

Through the information released by the government and authoritative organizations, learn about the pneumonia epidemic situation of this new type of coronavirus infection, prevention and control knowledge and other related information. 

Reduce excessive attention to epidemic information, reduce misleading information from unscientific information, and do not believe or spread rumors. 

Recognizing that this disease is mainly transmitted by the respiratory tract, take personal protective measures such as wearing a mask, washing hands frequently, ventilating indoors, and going out. 

(2) Maintain regular work and rest, arrange life reasonably, and pursue inner fulfillment. 

Maintain a normal schedule, eat three meals, drink plenty of water, choose appropriate physical exercise methods, avoid smoking, drinking, staying up late and other unhealthy lifestyles, protect and enhance immunity. 

Organize your life and plan things that make you happy, such as listening to music, reading books, chatting with family or friends, working and studying at home, and doing housework. 

Take control of the rhythm of life yourself, learn something new every day, and pursue inner fulfillment. 

(3) Scientifically adjust the psychology, get rid of negative emotions, and maintain a peaceful mentality. 

Accept negative emotions. Recognize that your negative emotions are normal, accept your own emotional reactions, and do not blame yourself or blame and complain. 

Learn relaxation techniques. Learn deep breathing and relaxation techniques, meditation (mindfulness) techniques, etc. through scientific channels to help you relieve negative emotions. 

Make good use of social support systems. Communicate more with family or friends, soothe bad emotions, and help family or friends to deal with bad moods, so as to help themselves and help others. 

Seek professional help in a timely manner. Pay attention to the emotional state of yourself and your family. If the negative emotion lasts for a long time and affects normal life, you cannot solve it yourself, you should seek the help of mental health and mental health professionals in time.